El texto está disponible bajo la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución Compartir Igual 3.0; pueden aplicarse cláusulas adicionales.Al usar este sitio, usted acepta nuestros términos de uso y nuestra política de privacidad. Mithraic initiates were required to swear an oath of secrecy and dedication,[56] and some grade rituals involved the recital of a catechism, wherein the initiate was asked a series of questions pertaining to the initiation symbolism and had to reply with specific answers. R.L.Gordon, "Franz Cumont and the doctrines of Mithraism" in John R. Hinnells (ed. While the Mithraists themselves never used the word mithraeum as far as we know, but preferred words like speleum or antrum (cave), crypta (underground hallway or corridor), fanum (sacred or holy place), or even templum (a temple or a sacred space), the word mithraeum is the common appellation in Mithraic scholarship and is used throughout this study. But the image of bull-slaying (tauroctony) is always in the central niche. "[168] However, archaeological evidence indicates the continuance of the cult of Mithras up until the end of the 4th century. These tend to include both animal bones and also very large quantities of fruit residues. On the figure from the Ostia Antica Mithraeum (left, CIMRM 312), the four wings carry the symbols of the four seasons, and a thunderbolt is engraved on his chest. In particular, large numbers of votive coins deposited by worshippers have been recovered at the Mithraeum at Pons Sarravi (Sarrebourg) in Gallia Belgica, in a series that runs from Gallienus (r. 253–268) to Theodosius I (r. 379–395). Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta il 24 set 2020 alle 08:37. [180] He argues that a literal reading of the tauroctony as a star chart raises two major problems: it is difficult to find a constellation counterpart for Mithras himself (despite efforts by Speidel and Ulansey) and that, unlike in a star chart, each feature of the tauroctony might have more than a single counterpart. Franz Cumont argued that it isn’t;[130] Marvin Meyer thinks it is;[131] while Hans Dieter Betz sees it as a synthesis of Greek, Egyptian, and Mithraic traditions. Mithras-worship in the Roman Empire was characterized by images of the god slaughtering a bull. [42], In some depictions, Cautes and Cautopates are also present; sometimes they are depicted as shepherds. [118], The historian Dio Cassius (2nd to 3rd century CE) tells how the name of Mithras was spoken during the state visit to Rome of Tiridates I of Armenia, during the reign of Nero. Harris, J. R. "Mithras at Hermopolis and Memphis", in Donald M. Bailey (ed). [95] According to Clauss mysteries of Mithras were not practiced until the 1st century CE. [61] However, the size of the mithraeum is not necessarily an indication of the size of the congregation. There have been many attempts to interpret this material. He writes: "Archaeology indicates that Roman Mithraism had its epicenter in Rome ... the fully developed religion known as Mithraism seems to have begun in Rome and been carried to Syria by soldiers and merchants. Beck summarizes them in the table below. بيلعب فى مركز مُدَافِع, و لعب مع فريق ارمينيا بيليفيلد.. لينكات. [167] According to Luther H. Martin, Roman Mithraism came to an end with the anti-pagan decrees of the Christian emperor Theodosius during the last decade of the 4th century. Mithraic feasts probably performed a very similar function for Mithraists as the collegia did for those entitled to join them; indeed, since qualification for Roman collegia tended to be restricted to particular families, localities or traditional trades, Mithraism may have functioned in part as providing clubs for the unclubbed. A scorpion seizes the bull's genitals. [163] According to the 4th century Historia Augusta, the emperor Commodus participated in its mysteries[164] but it never became one of the state cults. Arimanius is known from inscriptions to have been a god in the Mithraic cult as seen, for example, in images from the Corpus Inscriptionum et Monumentorum Religionis Mithriacae (CIMRM) such as CIMRM 222 from Ostia, CIMRM 369 from Rome, and CIMRM 1773 and 1775 from Pannonia. Ulansey states that "Mithraism declined with the rise to power of Christianity, until the beginning of the fifth century, when Christianity became strong enough to exterminate by force rival religions such as Mithraism.